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= Java EE Servlet/JSP tutorial | cleaning up our GUI, adding site template using jsp:include, adding CSS =

After the last step, we have a working CRUD Book listing that implements a rudimentary model 2 architecture. 
We can add, edit/update, list and read. Before we add any more functionality, let's create a site 
template with <code>jsp:include</code>.

This builds on the first two lessons. I suggest starting with those if you want some coherence, and perhaps not
if you are just looking for a quick answer for using CSS, <code>jsp:inclue</code>, etc.

A lot of folks use Tiles (a JSP extension framework) instead of JSP. When Tiles first came out, 
JSP was somewhat limited in what it could do to reuse JSP pages. JSP has improved and now has
JSP tag files (covered in a later cook book). This is not to say that you should avoid Tiles, but
merely to state that unless you have a very complicated site layout, and perhaps even if you do have
a complicated site layout, JSP is usually enough. Don't add complexity and another framework you need
to learn unless and until you have explored what JSP can actually do. 

Let me put it another way, don't include the Tiles framework on a greenfield application until you have 
fully explored JSP tag files. If you know and like Tiles then it might be ok to stick with it on a new project,
but if you are not familiar with Tiles start with JSP includes and JSP tag files (covered later).

== Defining a simple template with JSP parma.X ==
==== /WEB-INF/pages/template.jsp ====
<pre>
<%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8"
	pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
<%@ taglib uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/core" prefix="c"%>
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
<head>
<title>${param.title}</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"
	href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/resources/style.css" />
</head>
<body>
	<jsp:include page="/WEB-INF/pages/header.jsp"/>

	
	<h1>${param.title}</h1>

	<jsp:include page="/WEB-INF/pages/${param.content}.jsp"/>
	
	<jsp:include page="/WEB-INF/pages/footer.jsp"/>
	
	
</body>
</html>
</pre>

This template will be called by <code>book-form.jsp</code> and <code>book-list.jsp</code>. This allows us
to remove all of the boiler plate HTML code from <code>book-form.jsp</code> and <code>book-list.jsp</code>.
When <code>book-form.jsp</code> and <code>book-list.jsp</code> call <code>template.jsp</code> they will
pass two parameters via <code>jsp:param</code>, namely, <code>title</code> and <code>content</code>. 
The <code>title</code> is the title of the page, and the <code>content</code> is the short name of the JSP
that actually is the content for the page.

Personal note, I like my JSP fragments to be well formed, i.e., I don't like starting a tag like 
<code><body></code> on one JSP page and finishing it on another. I have found over the years that this
makes the JSP templates very hard to modify and maintain. This is more of a personal preference than a best
practice.


==Calling the template from book-form.jsp and book-list.jsp==

Here are the <code>book-form.jsp</code> and <code>book-list.jsp</code> calling the template with 
<code><jsp:include></code>



==== /WEB-INF/pages/book-list.jsp ====
<pre>
<jsp:include page="/WEB-INF/pages/template.jsp">
	<jsp:param name="content" value="book-list-content"/>
	<jsp:param name="title" value="Book Listing"/>
</jsp:include>
</pre>

==== /WEB-INF/pages/book-form.jsp ====
<pre>
<jsp:include page="/WEB-INF/pages/template.jsp">
	<jsp:param name="content" value="book-form-content"/>
	<jsp:param name="title" value="Book Form"/>
</jsp:include>
</pre>

== template.jsp walk through ==
The template itself allows us to handle all common tasks for site layout in one location. The logic
of this template is fairly simple, but since it can and does use JSTL core tags, the logic could
be a lot more sophisticated.

Let's walk through this template step by step:

==== /WEB-INF/pages/template.jsp page directive and include JSTL core====
<pre>
<%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8"
	pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
<%@ taglib uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/core" prefix="c"%>
</pre>

Above we just do our standard JSP page directive and import the JSTL core tag library for display logic.

==== /WEB-INF/pages/template.jsp ====
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
<head>
<title>${param.title}</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"
	href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/resources/style.css" />
</head>
<body>
</pre>

Above just defines that basic HTML structure notice that we import the CSS file called
<code>/resources/style.css</code>. This defines the look and feel for our site.

Note the style.css is a CSS code copied from various tutorials and sample CSS templates with some slight
customizations. A true coverage of CSS is beyond the scope of this tutorial and cook book. But the general
strategy I have used for doing CSS is follows: 

# Ask customer what they might like the site to look like, tell them to send you links to similar looking sites
# see if there is budget enough to hire someone who is artistic and has style and loves doing site design, if
then hire him, and let him do all of the pixel pushing
# If no budget to hire someone good at web design, look on Internet for sample CSS projects and/or look
at sites customers liked, copy style and CSS layout

Problem with the above is that customers don't always let you know what they want, but are very 
clear about what they don't want. I done all three. I prefer to let others send me look and feel, mockups
(prefer mockups done in CSS and HTML), and then I hack it until it looks close enough. You need to learn 
CSS well enough to muck with CSS that you find on the Internet. Start by going through this tutorial
[http://www.w3schools.com/css/ W3 Schools CSS tutorial]. There are times when you just can't
find a CSS example that does exactly you want, in those cases you may find it helpful to consult
the actual [http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS2/ CSS specification].

Here is the style.css for completeness, note that it is a collection of stuff I could find in five minutes
to make the site look somewhat decent without spending a lot of time. 
(Color palate for sample is really disgusting at the moment, the H1 is cartoonish big and the logo is too big, and 
I am not going to change any of it, ever.)

==== /resources/style.css ====
<pre>

/* The CSS for the table was based of an example at wc3 schools. 
http://www.w3schools.com/css/tryit.asp?filename=trycss_table_fancy
*/
table.listing 
{
font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;
width:80%;
border-collapse:collapse;
}


.listing td, th 
{
font-size:1em;
border:1px solid #98bf21;
padding:3px 7px 2px 7px;
}

.listing th
{
font-size:1.1em;
text-align:left;
padding-top:5px;
padding-bottom:4px;
background-color:#A7C942;
color:#ffffff;
}

.listing tr.alt td 
{
color:#000000;
background-color:#EAF2D3;
}


/* unvisited link */
a:link 
{
	text-decoration:none;
	color:#000000; 
}

/* visited link */
a:visited 
{
	text-decoration:none; 
	color: #707070 ;
}

a:hover {text-decoration:underline;}   /* mouse over link */
a:active {text-decoration:underline;}  /* selected link */

/* The CSS for the form was taken from this project. 
https://github.com/pmcelhaney/semantic-form.css/blob/master/index.html
*/

form.semantic {
	width:70%;
}

form.semantic fieldset
{
	clear: both;
	margin: 1em 0 0 0;
	padding: 10px;
	overflow: auto;
	background-color: #f8f8f8;
	border: 1px solid #888;
}

form.semantic legend
{
	font-weight: bold;
}

form.semantic div
{
	clear: both;
	margin: 0;
	padding: 0.5em 0 0 0;
	overflow: visible;
}


form.semantic label 
{
	display: block;
	float: left;
	width: 120px;
	text-align: right;
	padding: 2px 1ex 6px 0;
	vertical-align: baseline;
}
          
form.semantic label.after 
{
	width: auto;
	text-align: left; 
	display: inline; 
	float: none;
}

form.semantic label.long 
{
	clear: both;
	width: auto;
	text-align: left;
	float: none;
}

form.semantic input
, form.semantic select
, form.semantic textarea
{
	float: left;
}

form.semantic input.date {
	width : 100px;
}


form.semantic input.money {
	width : 100px;
}

form.semantic input[type=radio]
, form.semantic input[type=checkbox]
{
	vertical-align: text-bottom;
}

form.semantic ul {
	list-style-type: none; 
	float: left;
	padding: 0;
	margin: 0;
}

form.semantic li {
	clear: both;
	padding: 0.2em 0;
}

form.semantic li label {
	width: auto;
	text-align: left;
	padding: 0;
}   

form.semantic div.field-row 
{
	clear: none;
	float: left;
	margin: 0;
	padding: 0;
	overflow: visible;
}

form.semantic div.field-row *
{
	float: none;
	display: inline;
}

form.semantic .button-row
{
	text-align: right;
}

form.semantic .button-row input
{
	float: none;
}

form.semantic div.long label 
{
	width: auto;
	text-align: left;  
	float: none;
}

form.semantic div.long textarea 
{
	width: 100%;
}

/* Errors -- for use with JQuery Validate, etc. */

form.semantic input.error
, form.semantic select.error
, form.semantic textarea.error
{
	background-color: #77002a;
	color: white;
}                                                

form.semantic label.error
{
	width: auto;
	color: #77002a;
	text-align: left;
}       

/* from caucho.com */
#footer hr
{
  width: 100%;
}
#footer
{
  font-size: 80%;
  text-align: right;
}

/* bottom nav */

.bottom {
  font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
  font-size : 90%;
  color : #999;
}

ul.bottom {
  list-style-type : none;
  padding : 0em;
  margin : 0;
  margin-top : 3em;
  text-align : center;
}

.bottom li {
  display : inline;
  margin : 0.1em 0.1em;
  padding : 0.0em;
}

.bottom a {
  color : #999;
}

.bottom a:hover {
  color : #ffcc33;
}

/* bottom */

.about {
  color : #999;
  font-family : Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
  text-align : center;
  font-size : 90%;
}

div.about {
  margin-top : 1em;
}

</pre>

You can notice that I do use these styles now in book-form-content.jsp and the book-list-content.jsp.

== Formating dates and numbers in book-listing.jsp with fmt:formatNumber and fmt:formatDate ==

In the last step of the tutorial the book listing did not format the dates or number very well.
JSTL includes the format tag library to format numbers and dates, which we can use in the <code>book-list.jsp</code> as follows:

==== /WEB-INF/pages/book-list-content.jsp ====
<pre>
<%@ taglib uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/core" prefix ="c" %>
<%@ taglib uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/fmt" prefix ="fmt" %>

<a href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/book">Add Book</a>

<table class="listing">
	<tr>
		<th>Title</th>
		<th>Description</th>
		<th>Price</th>
		<th>Publication Date</th>
	</tr>
	
	<c:forEach var="book" items="${books}" varStatus="status">
		<tr class="${status.index%2==0 ? 'alt' : ''}">
			<td><a href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/book?id=${book.id}">${book.title}</a></td>
			<td>${book.description}</td>
			<td>
			<fmt:formatNumber value="${book.price}" type="currency"/>
			</td>
			<td>
			<fmt:formatDate value="${book.pubDate}" type="both" dateStyle ="short" timeStyle ="short"/>
			</td>
		</tr>
	</c:forEach>
</table>

Notice the use of <code>fmt:formatNumber</code> and <code>fmt:formatDate</code> as follows:

==== /WEB-INF/pages/book-list-content.jsp fmt:formatNumber and fmt:formatDate====
<pre>
<a href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/book">Add Book</a>
...

			<fmt:formatNumber value="${book.price}" type="currency"/>
...
			<fmt:formatDate value="${book.pubDate}" type="both" dateStyle ="short" timeStyle ="short"/>
</table>

</pre>

The <code>fmt:formatNumber</code> formats the price as currency while the <code>fmt:formatDate</code> 
formats the publication date using the short form. We will go into more detail about this
format tags when we cover internationalization (i18n) as both these tags and other tags from the JSTL fmt 
library support i18n. To learn more about these tags see the documentation as at 
[http://docs.oracle.com/javaee/5/jstl/1.1/docs/tlddocs/fmt/tld-summary.html JSTL fmt documentation].

== Book Form ==
Nothing has really changed with book-form proper other than we moved it to book-form-content.jsp to take 
advantage of the new template.

==== /WEB-INF/pages/book-form-content.jsp ====

<pre>
<%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8"
	pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
<%@ taglib uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/core" prefix="c"%>

<form class="semantic" method="post"
	action="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/book">
	<fieldset>
		<legend>
			<c:choose>
				<c:when test="${not empty book.id }">
						Updating Book
					</c:when>
				<c:otherwise>
						Adding Book
					</c:otherwise>
			</c:choose>
		</legend>

		<div>
			<label for="title">Title</label> <input type="text" name="title"
				id="title" value="${book.title}" />
		</div>

		<div>
			<label for="description">Description</label>
			<textarea name="description" id="description" rows="2" cols="60">${book.description}</textarea>
		</div>

		<div>
			<label for="price">Price $</label> <input name="price" id="price"
				class="money" value="${book.price}" />
		</div>

		<div>
			<label for="pubDate">Publication Date</label> <input name="pubDate"
				id="pubDate" class="date" value="${bookPubDate}" /> <label
				class="after">(MM/DD/YYYY)</label>
		</div>

		<c:if test="${not empty book.id}">
			<input type="hidden" name="id" value="${book.id}" />
		</c:if>

	</fieldset>

	<div class="button-row">
		<a href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/book/">Cancel</a>  or <input type="submit" value="Submit" />
	</div>
</form>
</pre>